商业经济与管理

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①相关文献中将隐私受侵害主体指称为“消费者”,但考虑到消费者在法律领域中有特定含义，行文中统一用“用户”指代。本文中的“用户”除非特别说明，主要指个人用户。“数据隐私”这一术语主要强调数字化和个人互联网用户隐私之间的关联，因此侵害主体限于通过互联网接触用户隐私的企业。对这些企业，不同文献也有“互联网企业”“经营者”“平台”“互联网平台”“数据平台”等不同提法，并涉及不同的法规、指南中不同的称谓。限于本文探讨的主题，本文以“互联网企业”为主，以“数据平台”为辅来指称这些企业。

(1)反垄断法理论上通常将这些领域作为反垄断法“适用除外”的领域。

(2)不同学术文献中隐私、数据、个人信息等概念大多做同义使用。本文主要强调互联网企业对于消费者个人信息搜集使用所带来的竞争法问题,因此更多采用“数据隐私”。

(3)不过,将数据视为一种支付手段的观点具有误导性。因为与金钱不同的是,同一数据可以多次与多个用户共享。即使用户为特定服务“支付”数据,用户可用的数据量也不会减少。

(4)2016年3月,德国竞争管理机构对Facebook展开调查,指控其对用户的不当数据收集可能导致市场力量被滥用。

(5)平台通常具有两边(Two-sided)或多边(Multi-sided)市场,出于行文的方便,统一称为双边市场。此外,双边市场的定义一直以来也存在争议,因而对双边市场范围的大小有不同的看法。

(6)要注意的是,双边市场概念较为宽泛,事实上包含了不同类型的平台。

(7)A.有效率的价格结构应当确定在反映相关成本的基准上;B.较高的价格—成本边际是市场力量的反映;C.价格低于边际成本是掠夺性定价;D.竞争的增加必然导致更有效率的价格结构;E.竞争的增加必然导致更加平衡的价格结构;F.在成熟市场(或者网络市场)中,不反映成本的结构不是公平的;G.双边市场中的一边低于边际成本接受服务时,它必定从另一边的使用者那里接受了交叉补贴;H.对于双边市场平台设定的价格进行管制是竞争中性的。